Types of Budget

History of Indian Budget India's first Finance Minister Sir R. K. Shanmugham Chetty, presented the first Finance Budget of independent India on November 26, 1947. Since then, 28 differentUnion  Finance  Ministers have been presenting the budget year after year. Initially, major attention was paid towards the agriculture sector but as the economy evolved, the focus shifted from agriculture to other sectors like industrial, financial etc. During the early the fifties, Indian budget highlights revolved around the public sector and public finance and hence, back then – taxation, inflation, public savings etc were much talked about topics.This trend continued till the finance budget 1985-86. The change in the approach began with Mr. Manmohan Singh who served as the Union Finance Minister under the leadership of Mr. P. V. Narsimha Rao. Mr. Singh was instrumental in headstarting the new phase of economic liberalization. He reduced the control of Government over public sector unit s through disinvestment. The liberalization process which he started years back is still followed and is seen in interim budget and Indian  budget  announcements  every year.This year also live union budget 2011 will be announced by Pranab Mukherjee. Facts Bite * First Finance Minister: Shanmugham Chetty * Number of Finance Minister Since Independence: 28 * Maximum Number of Budgets Presented by: Morarji Desai * Economic Liberalization Started by: Mr. Manmohan Singh ( Finance Minister 1991) * Current Finance Minister: Mr. P. Chidambaram Explain the different types of budgets in detail, with the help of suitable examples. In every business planning is the most important function to perform. Planning of different firms depends upon so many factors.Planning is done for comparing the actual performance with standard performance. Budgets are also prepared in advance. Budgets are prepared to check the availability of finance according to the demand of project. So budgetary control i s also essential tool of management to control cost and maximizes profits. Meaning of budget: A budget is a detail plan of operations for a specific period of time. In the present era everyone is with the term budget because it essential in life. A budget is prepared for the effective utilization of resources, which will help in achieving the set objectives.Budgets are also very important in individual life, as it is important in business firms. The following are the essential of budget: (a) It is prepared in advance and is based on future plan of action. (b) It relates to a future period and is based on objectives to be attained. (c) It is a statement expressed in monetary or physical unit prepared for the formulation of policy. Types of budgets. 1. Functional basis of budgets. a. Sales budget: Sales budget is the primary budget. It is the most important budget to prepare and the other budgets are prepared on the basis of sales budget.In this budget the in charge or expert forecast the future expected sales of the firm. The sales manager is responsible for the accuracy of the budget. The sales budgets may prepare on basis of product, type of customers, salesman, locality etc. for the preparation of sales budget the following things should be take under care like past sales, sales man estimates, plant capacity, raw material, orders in hand, seasonal fluctuations, competition etc. USES: Sales budget is the most important budget while making the overall budget for the organization for a fiscal year.It is important in this sense that how would anybody make fiscal budget for organization if he don't know about how much to sale or what are the organization's sale would be. If you know the sales volume of units of product you want to sale in a fiscal year then you will make production budget according to that sales requirement in mind you will have production information in mind you will purchase raw material, hire labour according to requirements. So if you don't k now about how much you want to sale then how would you budget other things and how would you compare your performance at the end of fiscal year. . Production budget: After preparing sales budget the next budget will be production budget. In this budget works manager prepare schedule of production by breaking large production in small units to fulfill the target production. A properly operated budgets leads to inventory control, improved maintenance of production schedules and production targets. Suppose, if the estimated opening stock is 5000 units and estimated sales are 25000 units and closing stock of the product is 3000 units the estimated production will be 25000 + 3000 – 5000 =23000 units (sales + closing stock – opening stock).USES: A production budget is an accounting procedure used to both record and propose manufacturing supply expenses. Keeping an organized production budget ensures that the supply of raw materials to the production line continues uninterrup ted and meets consumer demand. Maintaining a detailed post-purchasing production budget also helps to account for material losses due to shrinkage. b. Material budget: In the production budget material is the first requirement to be considered. Materials are basically divided into two categories as direct and indirect material.It includes the preparation of estimates of different types of the raw material needed for various products and purchasing raw material in required number at a required time. There are few factors which should be taken under care like requirement of raw material; company’s stocking policies, price trend, and cost of raw material. USES: Schedule showing how much material will be required for production and how much material must be bought to meet this production requirement. The purchase depends on both expected usage of materials and inventory levels.For example, assume expected production of 790 units, 3 lbs. of material needed per unit, desired ending inventory of material 216 lbs. , beginning inventory of material 237 lbs. , and unit cost per lb. of $2. Then lbs. of material to be purchased and purchase cost follow: Labour budget: labour is an important factor in every production organization. Labour plays an important role in converting raw material into finished product. The labour requirement budgets prepared on basis of production budget. Labour may be of two types direct and indirect labour.In this budget company has to budget the required number of hours and the expected pay scales of the employees. This budget gives information about personnel specifications for the job for which workers are to be recruited, the degree of skill and experience required and rates of pay. USES: The direct labor budget is typically presented in either a monthly or quarterly format. The basic calculation used by the direct labor budget is to import the number of units of production from the production budget, and to multiply this by the stand ard number of labor hours for each unit.This yields a subtotal of the direct labor hours needed to meet the production target. You can also add more hours to account for production inefficiencies, which increases the amount of direct labor hours. Then multiply the total number of direct labor hours by the fully  burdened  direct labor cost per hour, to arrive at the total cost of direct labor. e. Manufacturing Overhead budgets: this budget gives the works overhead expenses to be incurred in a budget period to achieve the production target. The cost of indirect material, indirect labour etc can be calculated with the help of this budget.For making proper control it can be divided into departmental overhead budget. Variable expenses are estimated on the basis of the budgeted output because these expenses are bound to change with the change in output. USES: The manufacturing overhead budget show the expected manufacturing over head costs for the budget period. The budget distinguis hes between variable and fixed overhead costs. Companies fluctuate with production volume on the basis of the following rates per direct labor hour: indirect materials $1. 00, indirect labor $1. 0, utilities $0. 40, and maintenance $0. 20. Thus, for 6,200 direct labor hours budgeted indirect materials are $6,200 (6,200 x $1), and budgeted indirect labor is $8,680 (6,200 x $1. 40). The company recognizes that some maintenance is fixed. The amounts reported for fixed cost are assumed. f. Administration Expenses budget: The budget covers the expenses incurred in framing policies, directing the organization and controlling the business operations. In budget an estimate of expenses is prepared regarding central office and of management salaries.The budget may be prepared at department level for effectiveness in budgeting system. The budget can be prepared with the past experience and anticipated changes. USES: The selling and administrative expense budget is comprised of the budgets of a ll non-manufacturing departments, such as the sales, marketing, accounting, engineering, and facilities departments. In aggregate, this budget can rival the size of the  production budget, and so is worthy of considerable attention. The selling and administrative expense budget is typically presented in either a monthly or quarterly format.It may also be split up into segments for a separate sales and marketing budget and a separate administration budget. G. Selling and Distribution budgets: This expense is related to the selling and distribution of material. In this budget experts have to plan for the expected selling and distribution expenses of the firm. Certain items of selling and distribution costs as cost of transportation, salesman salaries etc. USES: The selling and administrative expense budget is comprised of the budgets of all non-manufacturing departments, such as the sales, marketing, accounting, engineering, and facilities departments.In aggregate, this budget can r ival the size of the  production budget, and so is worthy of considerable attention. The selling and administrative expense budget is typically presented in either a monthly or quarterly format. It may also be split up into segments for a separate sales and marketing budget and a separate administration budget. h. Cash budget: this budget is prepared to predict the inflow and outflow of cash during the budget period. In cash receipt we consider cash sales, credit collection and other receipts in cash payments we consider cash payments, tax payable, dividend payable etc.Without cash organizations cannot work so prediction about cash is very important. A cash budget makes provision for a minimum cash balance which will be available at all times. USES: After a company has prepared its operating budget, it will often draw up a separate cash budget as a means of tracking income and cash expenditures throughout the year. Such a budget has a number of practical uses, all of which center around being able to accurately predict when the company will be flush and when cash flow may be restricted. 2. On the basis of flexibility a.Fixed budget: This is the rigid budget and it is drawn on the assumption that there will be no change in the budgeted time period. A fixed budget will be helpful only when actual level of activity is equal to budgeted level of activities. According to charted institute of management accountants. † A fixed budget is defined as a budget designed to remain unchanged irrespective of activity actually attained. b. Flexible budget: It is also called as variable budget. A flexible budget gives different budgeted costs for different budgeted costs for different levels of activities.This budget is applicable in where activity levels vary from period to period. Where the business is new and it is difficult to predict. Where industry is influenced by change in fashion. Where there are changes in sales. 3. On the basis of period: a. Long time budget s: long-term budgets are prepared for those organizations, which deal in regular product line. Here organizations are not suppose to change their proceedings in short time periods. b. Short time budgets: Short-term budgets are prepared for small time periods which work for seasonal product line. Here products may change in near future.

Women in Congress

Why do you think so few women and racial minorities have been elected to Congress? That is a question that can come with many different answers. In my opinion, I believe that there is a different reason between women and minorities for their lack of success in Congress. Both reasons involve the past, but in different ways. The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate. There are 435 members in the House of the Representatives. The Senate has 100 members. Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election. The main reason why women and minorities are not popular in Congress is because of descriptive representation. Descriptive representation is a belief that constituents are represented effectively by legislators who are similar to them (Challenge of Democracy). The characters that qualify are race, ethnicity, religion, or gender. That is the main factor why there are so few women and minorities in Congress. Due to the past, the demographic characteristic is a white male. As far as African American activity in government goes, a lot of progress has been made. In the past slavery kept blacks from being involved at all. They slowly made progress when they were counted as 3/5th of a person. Then they moved on to being free persons, and from then the African Americans moved on. There were many influential blacks to America. Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks were two very important people. They changed America for the better and helped African Americans advance in life. African Americans began serving in Congress during the Reconstruction Era after slaves were freed and granted citizen rights. Free black men gained political representation in the South. White Democrats took back political power and tried to return white supremacy. Legislatures lowered voting for blacks by passing tougher voter laws. As a result of the African American Civil Rights Movement, Congress passed laws to end segregation and protect civil rights and voting rights. When Congress changed the Voting Rights Acts in 1982, the states made districts that put minorities together. They thought it would make it a better chance for African Americans and Hispanics to be elected into office. They fixed the â€Å"make-up† of the districts. Women were never seen as a necessity in the business world in the past. They were not useful when it came to farming in men’s eyes. They were always needed to do the household chores and making sure the kids were being taken care of. Men believed that women were not as strong as men. It was as if they were not as important as men. Women were not allowed to vote until 1920, and before then not many women were involved in the government (Women in Congress). If you could not choose who was going to make decisions for you, why would you even be concerned? There was only one state, New Jersey, who allowed women to vote for 17 years (1790-1807). The only way they could vote was if they fit the land requirements. I believe though that the reason why there are so few women and minorities in Congress is because America is not ready to change. They are stuck on the way things were before and never trying new things. People are not willing to even give a woman the time of day, even if she has great ideas. It would be someone they brush off because women aren’t smarter than men. Minorities are not even considered an option in Congress just because of their title as a â€Å"minority†. There are a minor amount of minorities and it is hard to find the ones that are determined to better themselves in life. It is almost as if they’ve given up on trying to become an image breaker. Everyone believes in the descriptive representation and that is why minorities are not involved in the government (Congress vs. Minorities). As the years have progressed though there is one man that I must give credit to for making a huge advancement for minorities in government, Barack Obama. He had many obstacles to overcome to get there. There were many people that told him he didn’t stand a chance in the race. He was determined and he now is sitting in the office as President of the United States. Demographic groups have always been a large role in Congress. The groups consist of race, gender, ethnicity, or religion. The groups vote for people that are in the considerable same group as them. For example, if a Catholic runs against a Jew, most Catholics would vote for the Catholic. In 2050, there will be remarkably many different things going on in the world. There is a chance that a black woman will be the President. A Hispanic male might be the Speaker of the House. Global Warming could be done for, and New Orleans could possibly be submerged underwater. All possibilities of what the world could be like in 40 years. I believe that the world will have a new outlook on things and demographic groups will not exist so prevalently. I think people will be able to make decisions based on their own likings and not what their â€Å"group† is doing. People are becoming more independent in their choices in 2010, so 40 years from now the world’s mindset will be free. To support my reasoning on people being independent now is through the example of Obama winning the presidential election. I believe that people stepped out of their demographic group on their voting choice. Yes, most African Americans voted for Obama, but even the African Americans affiliated with a different religion voted for him. White people stepped out of their religion and race to vote for Obama. I still believe demographic groups will exist, just not so commonly. Those that are stuck to traditions and keeping things the way they were will still be apart of the group. They will consist of less people, but there will be enough to rock a vote. Hopefully, the demographic groups will just completely wipe out and let people use their minds. I want Americans to be able to make their own decisions. The reason why there are so few women and minorities in Congress has to do with choices made my Americans. African Americans that want to run for a position in Congress probably find it pointless due to the demographic groups. They feel that they shouldn’t waste their time since they already know the outcome especially if they run against a white male. Hopefully having Obama in office will give other minorities and women incentive to pursue their dream to be involved in the government. The entire controversy will continue for years though. These have just been my personal opinion mixed in with facts. The ideas for the future I have are very well thought out, and I hope to see the progress in the future. If African Americans can go from being slaves to running the United States; I think it is more than possible for people to become more independent in their own thoughts and decisions.

Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Information Systems - Essay Example y apply to businesses in the manufacturing setting but also to those in the service industry such as banks, hospitals, the military, as well as the environment management(Gupta, 1998). Companies that are service oriented may be seen to distribute non-physical products, they are also involved in the distribution of decisions and activities that accompany those decisions(Edelstein, 1991). For instance, in this case R/Way Trucking Company could be involved in the distribution of freight bills to its suppliers or clients. The company may need to maintain all the inventories held by the manufacturers of its trucks which may also include transporting the shipping documents. The idea of selecting internet based architecture would be a brilliant one for R/Way Truck Company because it will help the company keep up with the growing competitive forces in the market as well as respond to the pressures of the global marketplace. Incorporating internet based architecture will also help the company to deliver their services faster, with high quality and greater performance. This architecture will contain software applications that range from document management systems, word processing programs to payroll management software. R/Way Truck Company should adopt the client-server architecture because it is accessible in a much easier way from various platforms in the networks. It is also an improvement of the functions of the user as well as presentation from the server to the client. Moreover, it leads to an improved system scalability and responsiveness to the user whereby changes can be made easily by upgrading the server. Also, the company can be able to define and access its security rights when the server is being set. The client server architecture will not only bring about the efficient when it comes to sharing of information but also in the integration of services. The client server is also easily control and ensures that there is proper management of the files and easier

A trip Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A trip - Essay Example Since we had no special plans for the weekend, we halfheartedly decided to go with Oliver. To our surprise, with every passing second, we became more and more excited about the trip. And so, the night before the trip, we failed to contain our excitement and hardly fell asleep. It was a Sunday morning. The time was almost 5:30 a.m. when we heard a familiar honking of a car. It was Oliver. The sun has not fully come out yet, and the house was still dark. Our parents were asleep. Oliver had arranged for our breakfast, so we rushed out as soon as we heard the car horn. Once outside the house, we were greeted by the cool morning breeze. Sliding into the front seat next to Oliver, I grabbed the biggest burger and started munching instantly. In all the excitement, I forgot to pass over Sam’s share in the back seat. A questioning look on Oliver’s face made me realize what I had missed doing. Therefore, I passed Sam his burger; I felt embarrassed. After that, our journey began. As I watched the car drive through the same route, my heart sunk. It was the same route we took almost every weekend with our family. But when Oliver did not take the last turn, the excitement returned. I knew we were headed for â€Å"different†. After twenty five minut es’ drive, we stopped at a roadside densely lined with trees. It seemed like a jungle. When Oliver got out of the car, I realized it was the starting point of our trip. The plan was to meet our usual hiking trail but through the jungle. Taking only a few steps into the trees, we found ourselves standing amidst a dense forest. The sounds of birds, insects and animals echoed all around us. Thick vegetation grew everywhere. The shelter of leaves blocked the sun, so it was slightly darker. The air was damp and had a strange smell. Oliver was leading the way, and we were tracing his steps. Sam was in front of me. The way Oliver was making his way through the bushes and trees was admirable as I could hardly see any path. I

Final Evaluation about ART Appreciation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Final Evaluation about ART Appreciation - Essay Example Written thoughts differ from oral expressions by their clarity and organization. When people write about arts, they tend to be more accurate in their assessment and appreciation. I believe that I have significantly improved my writing skills during this semester. Considering the fact that all areas of research require writing, I will definitely use these skills further. 3. Were you able to develop your research skills in this course? What was the most helpful information this course gave you in terms of conducting high quality research? How do your skills compare now to how they were when you first started the course? This course gave me many chances to developed research skills and tried to use them all. A lot of assignment required additional research in journals and other academic publications to do assignment. I did my best to find relevant information and use it in my research assignment and I learned where I could find information I needed. Yes, I will continue studying arts because I really feel that I am interested to learn more. It is amazing when one able not only to see art but to understand it as well. This course gave me the opportunity to develop this art understanding. I liked the approach to art promoted by this course. It was relevant to pay attention to formal features and to historical background of each work we studied. This approach was great because it developed deep background knowledge and patience to

Nursing Management Leadership in Health Care Institutions Research Paper

Nursing Management Leadership in Health Care Institutions - Research Paper Example It is all about striving to balance between doing the right thing at the expected time in the correct manner and doing such things right. The rapid and dramatic transformations in healthcare systems make these skills even more vital than ever. Both managers and leaders should envision the future to provide a leading role towards an efficient and productive unit with satisfying personnel. As leaders, it is never possible to stop seeking professional growth and opportunities that can help guarantee a difference in our own profession. Certainly, there exist many ways that can help in accomplishing this, including reading professional journals, being politically active and aware, as well as attending continuing education relevant to the nursing practice (Sehested, 2002). As good leaders, nurses are expected to take advantage of such opportunities for their advantage (Sehested, 2002). As a means of seeking professional growth, an article that entails balancing leadership roles and practis ing nursing roles has been chosen to guide the process. This paper, therefore, intends to critically evaluate a research article titled, ‘leading nurses in dire straits: head nurses' navigation between nursing and leadership roles.’ by Sorensen e., Delmar c. & Pedersen b.d. (2011). This article was published in the Nursing Management Journal. This paper intends to critique a study reports and the findings from a study focusing on the nursing and leadership roles of head nurses’ in the hospitals. The reason as to why this article is chosen is because of the conflict head nurses face as they perform their nursing and leadership roles in the healthcare settings. The debate is centred on how management reforms challenge professional leadership roles in public organizations (Sehested, 2002). This study is vital in the sense that it helps in improving nursing practices to patient care and exploring how successful nursing leaders tend to navigate between the two roles. In this case, the two roles are; nursing and leadership roles. The findings of the study are properly done to comprehensively validate the nursing practice. Therefore, there is a need to critically put forth the worth of this study and the evidence in it, thus appraising the study. The title of study define clearly what the study is all about, that is, to investigate the negotiation between nursing and their leadership roles in hospital practice. The study population, a brief description of the methodology and the key outcomes being investigated are all included in the title of the study. The study populations in the study are the nurses in leadership positions working at a first line level and at a departmental level whose age range is 39-57 years with an experience of 3-4 years in either of the leadership roles.?The key outcome of the study was Closeness distance and the recognition game. The methodology applied in this study was participant observation and ethnographic interviewi ng techniques where nurses in leadership positions acted as informants. They were selected in a stratified fashion to ensure diverse, rich and nuanced data the informants were gathered. Here, the inclusion-exclusion criteria were not satisfactory, for instance, the leadership experience number of years was limited to a maximum of only 4 years. This should have been extended to about 8 years to get the views of the most experienced nurses in leadership roles hence a more valid, representative and reliable study results.

Ospedale degli Innocenti Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ospedale degli Innocenti - Essay Example Ospedale degli Innocenti is one of the great architectural masterpieces by Filippo Brunelleschi. The building is located in Florence, Italy. Its title is translated as a hospital of innocents and often referred as a foundling hospital in literature. Built during 1419–1451 to serve as an orphanage and hospital for children, the building represents clear influences of new architecture which came to replace dominant gothic motifs (GÃ ¼nther, 2010). The building was finished after the death of the architect. It is absolutely symmetrical and orderly organized which is typical for ancient Roman buildings. Inner courtyard of Ospedale degli Innocenti reminds Roman forum plan. It has an open space surrounded by arcades which create some private space in urban settings. Rectangular and square forms dominate the space. Columns are very important elements of traditional Roman architecture. In order to stress the symmetry of the building, all columns have equal distance between them. Cori nthian capitals add ornamentation to the building. Moreover, Brunelleschi designs fluted pilasters which are aimed at decorating the building and keeping the same order of symmetry (LaChiusa, 2002). This arcade on the ground floor of the building becomes the distinguishing feature of the building and makes it easy to recognize. Rounded arches which enclose the arcade create more space for decorum (LaChiusa, 2002). Overall, the exterior of the building shows that the architect was inspired by classical Roman architecture.

Prison is primarily a mechanism for the regulation of labour Essay

Prison is primarily a mechanism for the regulation of labour - Essay Example Considerations for the profitability of prison labour have been seen from various corporations and businesses and they have since considered the prisoners as labourers. Critics to this practice however point out that prison seems to have become a mechanism for controlling and regulating labour, and that in the process, the system has circumvented fair labour practices, including unionization and minimum wage requirements. Corporations however are quick to point out that prison labour is part of the rehabilitation process and is within the fair mandates of the law. Based on these opposing sides to the issue, this paper shall discuss the thesis that: Prison is primarily a mechanism for the regulation of labour. A clear and comprehensive analysis shall be considered in order to arrive at a valid and reliable understanding of the issue. Body Prison labour has been the subject of various international legal arguments. These arguments all relate to the application and validity of its practice. Prison labour is basically understood as labour â€Å"undertaken by convicts housed within the confines of a prison, both private and public that produces either a good or a service† (American University, 2001). The US is going through a period of liberalization and with the creation of private prisons, laws have begun to change in relation to inmate labour. The US Prisons Industries Enhancement Program (PIE) has assisted prisons to coordinate with private industries in order to market prison products on a wider scale (American University, 2001).... In the UK, prison labour is also not an unfamiliar practice. Prisoners in the UK are now known to be working for many of UK’s well-known brands for as little as 4 pounds a week (Cookson and Chamberlain, 2009). Companies like Virgin Atlantic, Monarch Airlines, and Travis Perkins are just some of these companies who are benefiting from prison labour and the NHS and the Ministry of Defence has also been known to utilize these goods produced by prisoners (Cookson and Chamberlain, 2009). More than 100 companies are utilizing prison labour in England and Wales, producing holiday brochures, name tags, and balloons for industrial mouldings. And most people are actually unaware that their products are being made by inmates (Cookson and Chamberlain, 2009). In about a year, an estimated 30 million pounds between companies and prisons are being signed. Critics are quick to label these contracts to be exploitative because they provide prisoners with mundane and repetitive work; and their a ctual rehabilitation process is actually not given much attention (Cookson and Chamberlain, 2009). There are about 80,000 inmates in the US who are involved in commercial activities, and some of them are making about 21 cents per hour for their labours (Whyte and Baker, 2000). The US government presently employs around 21,000 inmates making various products, including file cabinets, electronic equipment, and military helmets which are then sold to federal agencies and private companies (Whyte and Baker, 2000). Sales from prison labour products now register at $600 million with about 37 million dollars in profits. Prison labourers are also now in the manufacturing industry, participating in making blue jeans, auto parts,

Conduct a rhetorical analysis of Krishnas replay to Arjuna in The Essay

Conduct a rhetorical analysis of Krishnas replay to Arjuna in The Bhagavad Gita - Essay Example Is it morally right to claim victory over this? As a philosophical poem, Bhagavad-Gita does not provide simple answers to this problem. The story acts as an equipment for the living which rotates on cycle of birth and death. This is because, the philosophy provides some aspect of life which cuts across the universe. Krishna uses dialogue to communicate the Hindu teachings to Arjuna. Arjuna had lost all his will among the Kauravas whereby he was fighting against his family members Johnson, Kathryn Ann. Ethical responsibility is demonstrated here. He favored his family members while in the battlefield. This brings out the tone of being loving and mindful about his own culture and his family. We can call all these as ethic of Divinity, Ethic of community and ethic of autonomy. In conclusion, the rhetoric analysis of this book brings out the tone of war and its cultural aspect. It also brings out the persona and the figurative language used to bring out a concreate message of the Indian

The performance management (PM) approach and the High performance Work Assignment

The performance management (PM) approach and the High performance Work (HPW) approach - Assignment Example These activities are carried out by leaders and managers in organisations to help in improving the activities and the performance of the organisation. We think that performance management for employees in trying to set goals, monitor the employee’s achievement of the goals of the organisation, sharing the feedback of performance of employees with them and evaluating the performance with them. Organisational performance is composed of the output of an organisation while comparing it against the inputs that were deployed to the organisation to achieve those results. The output can be measured by the organisation in terms of profits and growth of the organisation. Performance can be measured by several dimensions; the financial performance or the shareholder returns the level of customer service in the organisation, the social responsibility of the organisation in the society and its clients and the stewardship of the employees. Organisations use statistical evidence to be able t o determine the progress to define the objectives in the organisation (Hoverstadt 2011, p67). Organizational performance is measured in terms indicators of efficiency, effectiveness, relevance to shareholders and the financial viability. These indicators are used by the human resources to evaluate the performance of the employees and the organization (Ed Barrows 2010, p98). Performance management is composed of two types of the management system. One of them is where an analyst views the performance of a firm as a whole, and will monitor the effectiveness of how managers and other executives achieve their set goals. On the other hand, performance management may be viewed as a system to monitor the performance of employees and how they help them in achieving their goals; hence ensuring that organizations perform much better. This type of management will differ from the objectives to how they will be applied. This will include; planning of the work to be done, the setting of the goals , and offering feedback to the employees about their performance (Hoverstadt 2011, p45). Employees work best when the work they are given is planned well, delegated well, and objectives of the work are clearly set. This will motivate employees to do their job and be able to achieve the goals without any problem. When the executives plan and set goals and objectives better in performance management, it creates a predictable system for better performance. By doing this, the employees assume their consequences of work performance and bear the responsibility too. Giving results back to the employees about their work is done on an annual review. This enables employees to change their past mistakes and ensure that they will perform better in the next year. Employees get to benefit from the consistent models of performance evaluation; this is because the employees will get enough time to address their issues. Performance management also provides employees with opportunities to grow themsel ves in their fields of interest. This means that employees will be given opportunities to perform their duties better and at the same time pair the unskilled employees with the more skilled employees. This model enables employees to perfect their skills and hence improve the performance of the organizations (Ed Barrows 2010,

Humans & ability Essay Example for Free

Humans ability Essay Humans’ most important ability is our ability to communicate through spoken language. The ability of humans to speak makes us stand out in the animal kingdom, according to many philosophers and scientists. It is just natural for humans to desire to know how we developed the ability of using language in communicating. This paper focuses on how the human language evolved. Through the comparative studies of the apes with the human language, it provided information to humans when the necessity for the language structure was developed. INTRODUCTION Study of Primates Communication Abilities. Since the ‘homo sapiens’ have been considered as the human’s cousin, the language of the apes have been studied. Some believes that the human language evolved earlier than them. The American Sign Language or ASL has been taught to a number of apes. Different approaches were also used from 1970s for some species of apes to be trained and taught disciplines of communication. Comparison of the Primate and Human Communication Abilities. Human children’s development of their language was compared to the studies made on different forms of primates. It was evident on human children that their development comes slowly as they grow older. Children in the earliest age start with a single word utterance. At fifteen months old of a child, utterance of two words comes easier. Protosyntatic structures in the language development of children come next with longer word utterances. At this stage, noun phrases were observed in the language structure too. This kind of language development on children is comparatively the same with many primates studied from 1970s to present. CONCLUSION The ability of primates to communicate with protolanguage may be a sign that apes can actually understand, learn, and communicate. However, in many instances where primates were trained and disciplined, it is also important to consider that none of the subjects were able to be taught to verbally speak. Moreover, primate language studies have never showed any language exhibitions from the primates in the wild. The protolanguage development on the human children may be a similarity on both but the primates lack the gestural complex in humans. Therefore, this comparison shows that the humans have the natural linguistic ability and the primates do not. WORKS CITED William O’Grady, et al. (1997). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction, 5th edition. New York : Adison Wesley Longman. Pg. 586. Savage-Rumbaugh, S. , Shanker, S. , Taylor, T. (1998). Apes, Language and the Human Mind. New York: Oxford University Press. Deacon, T. W. (1989). The Neural Circuitry Underlying Primate Calls and Human Language. Human evolution, 4, 367-401.

Leadership In Malaysian Corporate Context

Leadership In Malaysian Corporate Context Nowadays, Leadership is very important issue in term of successful and failure any company. Some of people think that leader is always associate to the politic side but in fact leadership is related to everything around world .leader can guide the company to the safe side by his or her skill and strategy. Malaysian context is the best example of looking in deep about the differentiation between the successful and unsuccessful leader in the corporate. Therefor, the aim of this study is to determine the differentiation between the successful and unsuccessful leaders in the Malayans corporate connect. Leadership has many definition, version and perspective but generally leadership can be defined as an ability of someone who can influence other people to gain his followers. In order to enrich our knowledge about it, this study can be provided wider definition of leadership that reviews from the previous studies and other resource. Leadership is a process that gives meaning (meaningful leadership) and produced in cooperation with the willingness to lead in achieving (By : Jacobs Jacques, 1990). Leadership is a process that affects the activity of groups organized to achieve common goals (By : Rauch Behling, 1984). Leadership is a personal attitude, which led the implementation of activities to achieve the desired objectives. (By : Shared Goal, Hemhiel Coons, 1957). Leadership is interpersonal influence, in certain situations, and directly through the communication process to achieve one or several specific objectives (By :Tannebaum, Weschler and Nassarik, 1961). Leadership is abo ut leading. It is about making people work their hearts out for a cause. It is an art and its necessary skills may be acquired by those aspiring to make leadership counts on their team members. A leader inspires; set captivating challenge for his team; maintains focus for his team while allowing them the flexibility to collaborate within a highly competitive environment. More importantly he must be able to sustain development through making his people continuously committed and interested. For that he must be in control of the changes that are happening, whether internal or external. It is imperative that leadership must have vision and moral purpose to enable it to overcome challenges of complexity and chaos created by the fast changing world brought about by the globalizing world. The focus of leadership in Islam is the development of man: his attitude and hopes; his moral and etiquette. Development is about structuring his way of life physical or his surroundings. This is because conceptually man is a premium mobile developing himself internally and externally. The first translates into his spirit and the second manifest in how he makes his presence felt by his habitation and those that he relates to. A person may assume formal leadership position in a society or organization. Or because of his trust-worthy character and knowledge, he may acquire leadership informally; his people respect him. Based on the above discussion about the leadership from different perspective, this study is attempted to determent and offer clear image about the characteristic of the successful and unsuccessful leadership. It provides an example of the practical realities of two corporate leaders in Malaysian context whom one of them, as successful, while the other one is unsuccessful. Final section is analysis the situation, conclusion, and recommendation. 2.0 Successful Leader 2.1 Characteristic of Successful Leader There are at least eight Characteristic and qualities that successful leaders have: 1. Responsibility: The top leaders take accountability for making things occur. We all know just how easy it is to fault external factors and we perhaps all have done this at some time. 2. Integrity: Your success depends on others next. People will only follow if they think they can rely on you to exhibit high standards, be open, honest and honest with them. They also expect consistency. When you are consistent (no matter what your leadership style is) people know what to anticipate. 3. Decision takers: We all have worries and misgivings when it comes to taking decisions. Will it be the right one, what happens if it goes mistaken, how will I look or be perceived by others? 4. Deal with facts: Realism is necessary if you are to be a successful leader. Realism is about facing up to whatever is going on, rather than expending power wishing it was different. When faced with decisions, the best leaders will center on the facts to determine what is realistic. 5. Vision and inspiration: The most successful leaders have the ability not just to create a vision but to communicate it in a stimulating way. They see the big picture and motivate others to work jointly to make it happen. 6. Optimism: There are some who are naturally distrustful, while others are naturally optimistic. Successful leaders are part of the second group. 7. Resilient: No matter what you set out to as a leader, there will be setbacks, disappointments and failures along the way. The most successful leaders are enormously elastic and when things do not work out as they hoped, they jump back. 8. Excellence: Excellence in what they do is one of the defining qualities of successful leaders. They have a mindset of continuous development. They look for better, intelligent ways of doing things. They are continual learners. Whatever from other viewpoint, it boils down to this: successful leaders share the following characteristics or views: 1. Mission 2. Vision 3. Goal 4. Competency 5. A strong team 6. Communication skills 7. Interpersonal skills 8. A can do, get it done attitude 9. Inspiration 10. Ambition 2.2 Successful Leader From The Reality Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad (pronounced; born 10 July 1925) was the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia. He held the post for 22 years from 1981 to 2003, making him Malaysias longest-serving Prime Minister, and one of the longest-serving leaders in Asia. Mahathirs political career spanned almost 40 years, from his election as a Malaysian federal Member of Parliament in 1964, until his resignation as Prime Minister in 2003. (And my time is over .. will not assume any responsibility after the official October 31, 2003 because it is important that the leadership of Malaysias new generation new thinking). This is the last to occur by this genius. Innovation in the beginnings and endings in the magnificence of it really is one of the miracles!Mahathir Mohamad, his personality is multi-talented leader of a great and insightful and seasoned political strategist and a great thinker and a visionary outlook, however a simple man. It is simply model school integrated architecture. And talk about expanding branched In these paragraphs we will shed light on some aspects of excellence in the character of Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia, former prominent leaders in modern history and the most distinguished leaders of Muslim countries in modern times or say it is a glory-makers and writers. And no matter how many opinions in the personality of Mahathirs controversial really, everybody agrees that Dr Mahathir was a charismatic he was able to devise its own mechanism in political work, as it was a good observer of the affairs of regional and global companies, Aikgel of criticism and attack the closest political allies, and perhaps he was right when he said the same day that thousands of years of experience did not make the man able to manage its affairs better than those who were living in the Stone Age. Struggle with science and technology was the greatest achievement in the experience of Muslim Malaysian leader Mahathir Mohammed, who was able to build his country on the basis of Islamic civilization and away from slogans and propaganda. No one disagrees that Mahathir Mohammed entered the history of the largest and finest doors, not only because it is the transfer of Malaysia from extreme poverty, disease and pain to chanced powers to economically and technologically, and around the homes of mud into a tiger Asian has its place in the world market, but also to be the leader of a brave challenge West, rejected the dominance of Jews in the global economy and condemned the occupation of Iraq and Afghanistan, and praised the Iraqi resistance heroes and urged Iraq to send more coffins of American soldiers to Washington to move the street and refuses to American war, whose fuel is men and stones. The most beautiful of all, we have found between the Muslim rulers who opt voluntarily for governance, and resign indifferent temptations of power, does not glow power, has laid down the rule that the Governor preached his energy and provides what he has to his homeland and then leaves the scene to others in order to continue the march. And Mahathir Mohamad model proud of every Arab and every Muslim, his achievements are not unmistakable, and has notes the benefit of those who want to read the experience of a transcendent purpose, and the researcher will find himself before a young rebel politics and sectarianism will turn into a national hero is not the way the movies (Rocky) America, but from the journey through the struggle of strength and patience to absorb the heritage of the nation and the flag flying in the prospects for lasting and bias to the poor who are salt of the earth and the perfume. Really I like this person and I hop one like hem to develop my country. 2.2.2 Practical Evidence of Unsuccessful Leader Tun Dr. Mahathir Bin Mohamad In his book The Malay Dilemma, Mahathir suggested a politico-economic solution in the form of constructive protection, quoting reasons that the Malays are behind other races due to heredity and environmental factors. Tun Abdul Razak, the second prime minister who succeeded Tunku Abdul Rahman, adopted some of Mahathirs proposals in New Economic Policy (NEP) that was mainly geared towards affirmative action economic programs to concentrate on the nations economic inequality between the Malays and the non-Malays. When Mahathir succeeded Tun Hussein Onn as the Prime Minister, he improved many elements and widened the range of NEP. The NEP as we see today is by and large due to Mahathir and his cabinet, e.g.: At first, only tenders for small contracts were restricted to bumiputras only. Open tenders were still invited for large contracts. In the direction of the end of Mahathirs tenure, many large contracts were awarded to bumiputra contractors without any open tenders but on negotiation basis. In majority of the contracts, non-bumiputra contractors are not allowed to tender. This practice continues until today. Due to a good administration and education system inherited from the British Colonial government, Malaysia has since culminated enough human resources capital. During Mahathirs term in office, Malaysia turned into a regional high-tech manufacturing, financial, and telecommunications hub. This eventually led to the phenomenal growth of the Malaysian economy between 1988 and 1997, at high single digit percentage of GDP growth. Living standards rose and poverty lowered. Malaysias economy is currently the third largest among Southeast Asian countries in terms of GDP, behind Indonesia and Thailand with Singapore following closely at the back. Mahathir is often arguably credited for such growth. During this period, Mahathir embarked on assorted large scale national projects, such as the North-South Expressway, Multimedia Super Corridor, the planned capital city of Putrajaya, Johors Port of Tanjung Pelepas, the Kuala Lumpur International Airport, the Bakun Dam in Sarawak, and the Petronas T owers which he helped to design. His other pet projects also included Perwaja Steel, an attempt to emulate South Korea and Japan, the Proton car company. On the other word, Mahathir has always argued that such projects give up a direct come back to the economy, distant from just serving the national pride, as government spending in turn creates jobs all along with other multiplier effects. Mahathir has also been criticized for the failures and inefficiency of several of his pet projects. Due to long term manifestation and maintenance of non-competitive policies, which he has designed or nourished, the enlargement of Malaysia economy has since decreased tremendously. As for the average of 2009 and 2010, Malaysias growth is behind all other more advanced ASEAN economies: Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam and Philippine. The non-equal and non-competitive policies also lead to serious brain drain, and recently a tremendous fall of FDI (foreign direct investment) in Malaysia. In fact, more money is invested abroad than FDI. These in turn affects the economy growth. 3.0 Unsuccessful leader 3.1 Characteristic of unsuccessful leader There is lots of Characteristic that unsuccessful leaders have. It will opposite the characteristic of successful leader. 1. Irresponsible 2. Less Vision 3. Not serious with goals 4. Fewer Competencies 5. a weak team 6. Less in Communication skills 7. Less in Interpersonal skills 8. Less Inspiration 9. Less Ambition 10. He like his self 3.2 Unsuccessful leader from the reality Pervious Executive Director of LINEA CORPORATIO BHD 3.2.1 Employment History Stanton Technologies Kredin Group Stanton Systems, Inc. 3.2.2 Board Memberships and Affiliations Member Australian Society of Certified Practicing Accountants Member Malaysia Institute of Accountants Member Malaysian Institute of Taxation Board Member LFE Corporation Bhd 3.2.3 Education Bachelor of Commerce degree University of Melbourne , Australia Bachelor of Commerce Degree University of Melbourne 3.2.4 Alan Rajendram, Executive Vice Chairman Our Executive Vice Chairman is Alan Rajendram. He is an experienced and one of business leader in Malaysia. He is a graduate of the University of Melbourne with a Bachelor of Commerce degree, a member of the Australian Society of Certified Practicing Accountants, the Malaysia Institute of Accountants and the Malaysian Institute of Taxation. He is also former director of LFE Corp Bhd and was charged in court last week but claimed trial to nine charges of cheating and criminal breach of trust involving nine million shares amounting to RM23mil. 3.2.5 Practical Evidence of Unsuccessful Leader Mr. Alan Rajendram The company has released their annual report to the public on the 4th of June 2010. From the annual report the auditor mentioned that they are unable to satisfy their selves on the collectability of the advance of RM36 million reflected in other receivables, as mentioned in Note 15 and Note 39 of the notes to the financial statements. However, the management is of the view that this amount can be recovered. In the event that the said amount cannot be recovered, the shareholders equity will be decreased by the said amount and in the absence of additional capital being injected into the Company and/or future profits generated by the Group, the Company may be classified as an Affected Listed Issuer pursuant to the amendments to the Listing Requirements of Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad in relation to Practice Note 17/2009. This company is in financial distress when Bursa Malaysia issued PN17. Firms that fall inside the definition of PN17 will require submitting their proposal to the A pproving Authority to restructure and renew the firm in sort to maintain the listing status. After the company has released their annual report to the public, the auditor was revealing the fraud made by board of director. The company problem began when the former director Alan Rajendram has signed a letter of award with Global Investment Group (GIG) on December 29, 2009 for the dome project and was paid to GIG as performance consideration for a RM1.6 billion King Dome project. The project of King Dome is the cooling plant that would be supplying chilled water for the air-conditioning system in Manjung Perak. He has informed the board of directors after he has transferred out the money. In February 2010, the internal auditors advised the GIG to come back the money, which the last followed through. This is because the money could not be transferred without the approval of the board. Again Alan Rajendram has transferred out the money of RM36 million once more to GIG in April without informing the board. He gives interpretation was that there was force from GIG on him to transpo rt the money to be used as a performance consideration payment for the RM1.6 billion King Dome project. Therefore, he used the autocratic manner to make the decision. This happens because there were no correct procedures for projects to be ready and submitted for approval by the board. According to Linear Corp executives director Mervis Nevis, prior to this, for three years, they were no correct procedures for project to be ready and submitted for approval. Why the payment has been made to GIG? This is because Linear want to show that they have the ability to undertake the King Dome Project. Therefore RM 36 million was paid out to GIG as performance consideration. Linear has also defaulted on its loan obligations, so that Linear has decided to sell its cooling system-manufacturing plant in Prai Industrial Estate and used the proceeds as working capital. Linear also would study whether the King Dome project was still workable. If the project can proceed, there will no problem in getting financing. If it not, Rajendram had given an indemnity letter to say that the RM 36 million will be returned to Linear by November 30. When the case began, the executive director of a public listed company was charged in the Sessions Court on five charges of abetting three individuals to cheat and commit criminal breach of trust (CBT) involving nine million share amounting to RM 23 million. The executive director that involved in the case was A. Eswaramoorthy Pillay. He is a Singaporean that has been appointed to the Board on 8 December 2006 and as executive director on 26 December 2006 and was redesignated as Non-Executive Director on 29 June 2009. Bursa Malaysia was immediately appoint a special auditor to investigates the company, particularly its financial matters and identify any potential irregularities. According to case of Linear Corporation, the prior problem in this company was weak in internal control. The transfer of money can easily be made because there were no correct procedures for projects to be ready and submitted for approval by the board. Linear also admitting its recent problem were self-inflict ed by internal weaknesses. To solve this problem, there were calls for annual general meeting. From this AGM, they will carry on with their restructuring exercise with the usual framework of capital reduction, reduction of indebtedness followed by injection of new equity funds. The second recourse is to recover the money from its former director Alan Rajendram A/L Jeya Rajendram, who has issued a statutory declaration and a letter of indemnity (LOI) on June 17 to deliver the project or indemnify the company in the event of any losses. He has until Nov 30 to do so. Linear will restructuring efforts include tightening other loopholes, with any decisions involving more than RM10,000 requiring the approval of the board. Therefore, all contractual arrangements must also be vetted and prepared by external legal advisers before being brought to the board for deliberation. 3.3 These figures illustrate the current position for linear 4.0 Analysis Both successful and unsuccessful leaders focus on building employee support for change. However, unsuccessful leaders do not focus on improving organizational performance in general, while successful leaders do. Successful leaders are able to motivate, to energise and to empower others. When acting as a coach or a counselor, leaders are providing direction, knowledge, training, skills, resources, support and a listening and caring ear, all of which are necessary for successful task completion. In these roles leaders can directly assist subordinates to take on, successfully complete and master, new and complex tasks. Successful leaders spend their time more effectively. Some personality traits may lead people naturally into leadership roles. People can learn leadership skills. Good leaders are made not born. If you have the desire and willpower, you can become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience. E motional competence has been shown to be twice as important as cognitive abilities for star performers in all jobs, in every fielded determines ones potential, thus, Intuition plays a key role in assessment. Research has provided clear evidence that emotionally intelligent leaders are more successful. Daniel Goleman, author of the best-selling book Emotional Intelligence, estimated that 90% of the difference between a good leader and an excellent leader. In hard times, the soft stuff often goes left. But emotional cleverness, in hard times, the soft stuff often goes away. But emotional cleverness, it turns out, isnt so soft. If emotional obliviousness jeopardizes your ability to perform, fend off aggressors, or be sympathetic in a crisis, no amount of attention to the bottom line will protect your career. Emotional intelligence isnt a luxury you can do without in tough times. Its a basic instrument that, deployed with elegance, is the key in to professional success. Leadership plays on important port in the success of any organization. In the absence of effective leadership no organization can work efficiently an organization is created with the purpose of achieving certain objectives through a human group, it becomes essential to control this human group. According to Peter F. Drucker, A business leader is the basic and not easily available source of a business enterprise The chief factor in the failure cf many business enterprises has been inefficient leadership Konntz and ODonnell have clarified the Importance of leadership In the following diagram: : 5.0 Conclusion The main ingredient of good leadership is good character. This is because leadership involves conduct and conduct is determined by values. good leaders are continually working and studying to improve their leadership skills; they are not resting on their laurels. Good leaders lead from the front. They take the initiative to go first. On the other hand unsuccessful leaders see new initiatives as a burden, rarely volunteer, and fear being overwhelmed, they reject suggestions from subordinates and peers, they make decisions that colleagues and subordinates consider to be not in the organizations best interests. They set standards of behavior or expectations of performance and then violate them. The primary reason people leave a job is relationship based. One of the key factors is the quality of the relationship between the employee and her/his supervisor/manager. As leadership Richard Leider says, People dont leave companies they leave leaders. In Working with Emotional Intelligence, D aniel Goleman reported that 80-90% of the competencies that differentiate top performers are in the domain of emotional intelligence. Executives who fail to build up self-awareness risk falling into an emotionally deadening routine that threatens their true selves. Certainly a reluctance to discover your internal landscape not only weakens your own motivation but can also corrode your ability to motivate others. In other words, emotional intelligence has a profound impact on productivity and individual success. Emotional competence is the single most important personal quality that each of us must develop and access to experience a breakthrough. By reviewing the companys management and Board of Management and their responsibilities and powers showed that the executive director make individual decisions and he never not go back to the board for further consultation and discussion. The individual decisions are not good for the company successful unlike the group decisions which can help the company performance. 6.0 Recommendations In order for business leaders to be successful in todays business climate, they must develop Emotional Quotient skills to overcome barriers. Professionals must forget their old habits and develop new ones. Learn the ability to monitor their own and others feelings and emotions. Develop empathy by becoming more skillful at reading emotions from the faces of people they interact with. They should build and leverage rewarding relationships with others. They should able to set and achieve personal and professional goals in a manner that is compatible with what is truly best for them and others, able to get the most out of others. Focus on the task to be accomplished rather than on their negative emotions, such as disappointment or fear, and see the possibilities within the task. View every experience as a positive opportunity for growth. Avoid taking on too much work If you are a leader and need to make sure that everything is done right, then you need to learn to let go. Yes, you now have more responsibility and yes, the consequences are greater if things go wrong but the job of leader is not to do even more work than before. Your job is to manage resources effectively to meet the goals set by your own boss. This means getting your workers to do the work, not you. Trust in your workers and make everything transparent so that it is clear that they own their own problems and are responsible for their own mistakes. And finally conclude with the words of books Jerstner The change tendencies of thousands of people and their behavior is very difficult, you cannot simply take a series of speeches or write a new doctrine of the company and announced that a new culture has replaced the old culture, as you cannot be imposed or engineered, and the only thing that you can do is to create appropriate conditions for the transitio n, and the provision of incentives).

Combatting the Rise of Fake News

Combatting the Rise of Fake News Fake news in the recent decade has been propagated by traditional and, more so, social media, with the intention to deceive readers with false information to maximize traffic and profit. Although it is not a new phenomenon, the emergence of social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook have eased the dispersion of disinformation, making it nearly impossible to distinguish real and fabricated information at first glance. Fake news has been a strong factor in major events in the world including the recent U.S. Presidential Elections, where it has been linked to influencing the results of the elections. It is also used as a political weapon, used to dismiss any news that goes against the views of the political party as false all without a need for explanation or proof. Canada is not unaffected by this. In January 2017, Nick Kouvalis, the campaign manager for Conservative leadership candidate Kellie Leitch has been fired for posting false information about the Trudeau office claiming on Twitter that the Trudeau office was using billions of taxpayers money to fund terrorist groups rather than to help the homeless and jobless. In the same month, reports began circulating that the shooter of the Quebec mosque was yelling Allahu Akbar though it has been taken down after the Trudeau office took on those false reports. This does not take away from the fact that millions have been exposed to these false news and form opinions based on artificially created information. In an effort to curb fake news and their effects, the federal heritage committee is currently compiling a report about the future of media and journalism in Canada, in which fake news is heavily brought up. The report is to be shown to the Parliament in spring this year. Canada is also in talks with Google and Facebook to identify fake news on their site. However, curbing fake news is hard as doing so would limit the freedom of the press, something which goes against Canadas policies and beliefs. Furthermore, drawing the line in identifying fake news, after outright falsehoods have been removed, is hard due to the multitude of sites with ideological bias and views. In the light of concern about the spread of fake news, Canada is proposing several solutions that should: establish an international cyber board for the intention to tackle fake news; utilization of international cyber board to monitor news and distinguish between fake and real news; collaborate with large multinational social corporations including Facebook and Twitter; increase research and development into tools that can be used by citizens to identify fake news and report it; create a registration system for news sites to register themselves and to be verified by the international cyber board. Canada believes that the fight against fake news will be hard and long but knows that it is necessary to ensure that citizens are able to form opinions from real facts rather than alternative truths. References: Public Policy Forum (2017, January). The Shattered Mirror: News, Democracy and Trust in the Digital Age. Retrieved Feb 25, 2017, from https://shatteredmirror.ca/wpcontent/uploads/theShatteredMirror.pdf. BBC (2016, December 26). Canada MP Probe Ways to Curtail Fake News. Retrieved Feb 25, 2017, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38399892. The Washington Post (2017, February 26). The White Houses Big Fake News Cop-out. Retrieved Feb 25, 2017, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/thefix/wp/2017/02/26/fake-news-is-a-potent-political-strategy-its-also-a-copout/?utm_term=.f509281f95d6. The Canadian Press (2017, Jan 24). Facebook, Google to Tackle Fake News In Canada With New Tools. Retrieved Feb 25, 2017, from https://www.thestar.com/business/2017/01/24/facebook-google-to-tackle-fake-news-incanada-with-new-tools.html. Wood, L.S, Hatch, C (2017, February 2). How Vulnerable is Canada to fake news?. Retrieved Feb 25, 2017, from http://www.nationalobserver.com/2017/02/02/analysis/howvulnerable-canada-fake-news-very.

Too Much Information? :: Information Management Learning Essays

Too Much Information? The "pervasive, invasive information infrastructure...is as much a part of our lives as religion was for medieval surfs" (Tetzeli 1994, p. 60). But is it too much? We've all seen the mind-numbing statistics about the exponential growth of information and of technological means of distributing and accessing it. However, some people question whether the problem really is one of overload. One source of the problem is actually the multiplicity of communication channels. Unlike earlier eras, such as when printing presses replaced manuscript copying, new technologies are not replacing older ones but are adding to the host of media choices (Davidson 1996). With these multiple channels the information flow is now simultaneous and multidirectional. However, most traditional information management practices are too linear and specific: they were pipes developed for a stream, not an ocean (Alesandrini 1992). The sheer quantity of information and the speed with which it can be acquired give an i llusion of accomplishment (Uline 1996). But what good is all this information if it is not usable? "Almost all our resources are dedicated to gathering the raw material--information--and almost nothing is spent on the most important job of transforming information into intelligence" (Milton 1989, p. 6). Milton suggests that it is possible to have "negative information"--that which causes the recipient to know less than before because it is not integrated, applied, and transformed into knowledge. Essential to information mastery is understanding the relationship between data, information, and knowledge (TAFE-TEQ 1992): data are raw facts and figures, information is data organized into a meaningful context, and knowledge is organized data (i.e., information) that has been understood and applied. Perhaps it is not too much "information," but an explosion of "noninformation" (Wurman 1989) lacking relevance, quality, and usefulness. What is needed is better judgment of the quality, accuracy, and reliability of what is received(Kinnaman 1994). According to John Seeley Brown, people may perceive overload because the information they receive does not fit into current mental models for understanding the world (Tetzeli 1994). The problem of information overload thus has both technological and human aspects. The solution is also two pronged: both technological--create better technological tools and make better use of them--and human--revise mental models and sharpen the capacity for critical reflection and analysis. I've Got to Keep Up! Many people believe they have to try to stay on top of information because of economic, social, and employment-related pressures.

Human Resource Management Essay -- Business HR

The Employment relationship is the only reason public and private limited organisations work effectively. The Employment relationship is a fragile tie between an employer â€Å"management† and employee â€Å"worker†. This relationship can be affected by 3 factors which are interests, control and motivation. Employers have to balance these factors in order to maintain a productive working relationship. Employment relationship works like any other relationship, commitment is required from both sides. In this case the employer and employee need to have a form of understanding and objectives need to be in common. This is not impossible therefore both sides agree upon a mutual decision however interests can be opposed and have done so in the past. A recent example of this would be British Airways. British Airways (BA) have successfully operated for the past 90 years however disputes between management and cabin crew may still have occurred. After suffering the recent loss due to the recession, BA decided to make some changes in order to survive in the competitive market. These changes were aimed at workers, especially the cabin crew, BA were to cut jobs and make relevant changes to employees working conditions, in order to make up for the fewer passengers during and since the recession. This has resulted in a trade union called Unite representing 12,000 crew members, stepping in again st this decision upon employees call for help. The situation has spun out of control and BA employees have threatened to take action in form of a strike lasting more than 10 days therefore a big loss for BA, with up to 650 flights operating everyday which is 80,000 passengers, the cabin crew are at the root of the business and can force BA to cease operating, un... ...ship. (Lecture notes) Darlington, R. (2010). Managing the employment relationship.. (Lecture notes) Darlington, R. (2010).Trade Union Regulation of the Employment Relationship. (Lecture notes) Foot M , Hook C (2008). Introducing Human Resource Management. 5th ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. 11-14,35-56,90-98. Kane B, Palmer I. (1995). Strategic HRM or managing the employment relationship?. International Journal of Manpower. 16 (5/6), 6-21. Milmo, D. (2010). BA cabin crew hold back on strike date amid hope of deal. Available: http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/feb/25/ba-staff-delay-strike-date. Last accessed 25 February 2010. Nowicki M , Summers J. (2003). The benevolent autocrat: is it the right fit for the times? By now, most managers have hung their autocratic management style in the back of the closet . Healthcare Financial Management. 1 (1), 1. Human Resource Management Essay -- Business HR The Employment relationship is the only reason public and private limited organisations work effectively. The Employment relationship is a fragile tie between an employer â€Å"management† and employee â€Å"worker†. This relationship can be affected by 3 factors which are interests, control and motivation. Employers have to balance these factors in order to maintain a productive working relationship. Employment relationship works like any other relationship, commitment is required from both sides. In this case the employer and employee need to have a form of understanding and objectives need to be in common. This is not impossible therefore both sides agree upon a mutual decision however interests can be opposed and have done so in the past. A recent example of this would be British Airways. British Airways (BA) have successfully operated for the past 90 years however disputes between management and cabin crew may still have occurred. After suffering the recent loss due to the recession, BA decided to make some changes in order to survive in the competitive market. These changes were aimed at workers, especially the cabin crew, BA were to cut jobs and make relevant changes to employees working conditions, in order to make up for the fewer passengers during and since the recession. This has resulted in a trade union called Unite representing 12,000 crew members, stepping in again st this decision upon employees call for help. The situation has spun out of control and BA employees have threatened to take action in form of a strike lasting more than 10 days therefore a big loss for BA, with up to 650 flights operating everyday which is 80,000 passengers, the cabin crew are at the root of the business and can force BA to cease operating, un... ...ship. (Lecture notes) Darlington, R. (2010). Managing the employment relationship.. (Lecture notes) Darlington, R. (2010).Trade Union Regulation of the Employment Relationship. (Lecture notes) Foot M , Hook C (2008). Introducing Human Resource Management. 5th ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. 11-14,35-56,90-98. Kane B, Palmer I. (1995). Strategic HRM or managing the employment relationship?. International Journal of Manpower. 16 (5/6), 6-21. Milmo, D. (2010). BA cabin crew hold back on strike date amid hope of deal. Available: http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/feb/25/ba-staff-delay-strike-date. Last accessed 25 February 2010. Nowicki M , Summers J. (2003). The benevolent autocrat: is it the right fit for the times? By now, most managers have hung their autocratic management style in the back of the closet . Healthcare Financial Management. 1 (1), 1.

AIDS and STD Education :: Free AIDS Essays

AIDS and STD Education Adults (over the age of 18) from the _________ company and other peope who I know were randomly assigned to receive the survey. The group includes married males and females as well as single male and females. There are 19 female and 31 male subjects. A survey consisting of twenty statements concerning sexually transmitted disease and HIV infection. The survey was designed by myself . The purpose of the survey is to measure participants awareness of AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases. I am trying to show that people are not well informed about subjects such as condom use, condom use and alcohol, transmission of sexual diseases, and the magnitude of the AIDS problem. Subjects are asked to choose the level with which they agree or disagree with each statement. There are two levels of agreement and two levels of disagreement. See appendix A. A consent form was signed by all participants. See appendix B. Results t-test*: t (48) = -2.2185, p < .0313 | | | df cv pv Variable N Mean Std Dev. Minimum Maximum Q1 50 1.420 0 .810 1.00 4. AIDS and STD Education :: Free AIDS Essays AIDS and STD Education Adults (over the age of 18) from the _________ company and other peope who I know were randomly assigned to receive the survey. The group includes married males and females as well as single male and females. There are 19 female and 31 male subjects. A survey consisting of twenty statements concerning sexually transmitted disease and HIV infection. The survey was designed by myself . The purpose of the survey is to measure participants awareness of AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases. I am trying to show that people are not well informed about subjects such as condom use, condom use and alcohol, transmission of sexual diseases, and the magnitude of the AIDS problem. Subjects are asked to choose the level with which they agree or disagree with each statement. There are two levels of agreement and two levels of disagreement. See appendix A. A consent form was signed by all participants. See appendix B. Results t-test*: t (48) = -2.2185, p < .0313 | | | df cv pv Variable N Mean Std Dev. Minimum Maximum Q1 50 1.420 0 .810 1.00 4.

Scarlet Letter – Pearl Character Analysis

Pearl is a major character in the novel because she impacts everyone’s decisions in the book in some way. Though she is young throughout most of the novel, she acts older than most of the adults. With being the product of a sin, Pearl has to deal with a lot. She defends herself and her mother from the cruel remarks of the town. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the character, Pearl, as a symbol for a hint of happiness in the sadness and regret of a sin. Pearl, throughout the novel, is used as a main character and a symbol. Her presence in the book brings out the other main characters’ true character. She asks them questions they have to think hard about themselves. Pearl draws attention to their faults, such as what they are overlooking in their lives. She is portrayed as wiser than her years. The author wants her to seem more honest and more understanding than the adults in the novel. After Hester gets out of jail, Pearl is the only thing she has. â€Å"She named the infant â€Å"Pearl,† as being of great price- purchased with all she had- her mother's only treasure!† (Hawthorne, 61) Her name means that she came at a â€Å"great price† to Hester, and she is all her mother has. Pearl is a victim of Hester sins. She has to deal with children and adults harassing her. Pearl is constantly referred to as a devil child in the book. Pearl is a living thing symbolizing the scarlet letter. Pearl is very perceptive to things around her. â€Å"Children will not abide any, the slightest, change in the accustomed aspect of things that are daily before their eyes. Pearl misses something that she has always seen me wear!† (Hawthorne, 144) Her mother decides to take her letter off, and Pearl notices. She was so used to seeing her mother with the letter, so she throws a temper tantrum. Pearl observes many things, like the way people act around her. In The Scarlet Letter, the author uses Pearl, as a symbol for happiness in the regret of a sin. She helps most of the adults learn more about themselves, and look deeper than on the surface. She makes them come out with their sins. She is a major character in the book because she touches everyone’s lives in some way.

Better Decisions, Better Life Essay

hindquarters Updike, who is populaten for his brilliant prose style and the brute flesh out in his stories, controls everyday tasks and gives a alone new perspective to it. manage in A&P, which is a narrative from the perspective of a nineteen-year-old son tending in the checkout line. scour though Sammy is just an average boy, something world-shaking happens that day at the mart investment trust. The stage revolves around Sammys journey from adolescence to matureness and his resignation from the subscriber line at the grocery inclose marks the major change. counterbalance though Sammys conscience disagrees with his termination, his consider to escape the monotony of his life drives him to take it. The author uses various symbols to present a gradual progression into Sammys decision in the end.As a teenaged boy in a towns hoi polloi in Boston in the 60s, Sammy did not have practically going on for himself his responsibility was to earn some money to manage the ho usehold expenses. For his he had to work at the grocery farm animal. His co-worker Stokesie, who is tot wholey when three geezerhood older than him, is espouse and has two children. He hopes to become the motorbus of the grocery store and is the only new(prenominal) co-worker mentioned in the story. Sammy obviously feels a strong connection with Stokesie, as they two eye the bikini clad filles unitedly. Also, he mentions that the only difference he coffin nail tell between Stokesie and himself is the number of years they argon apart (Updike 531). But from the heart in which Sammy talks somewhat Stokesie, it is thriving to see that he does not heed his co-worker as much. Instead he feels as though he is spirit into a mirror of the next and he lives a life similar to Stokesies. Updikes intention was to portray Stokesie as the future reflection of Sammy.Although when the girls enter the grocery store dressed skimpily, they present Sammy with a whole new world. Sammy sa ys you never know for sure as shooting how girls questions work, instead he imagines it to be a little buzz uniform a bee in a codswallop jar (Updike 530). He observes little details nearly all of these girls and ranks them on the land of his perception. The two girls he gives the position of following were not given much thought, turn out for their swim suit simulations and their build. However, the girl that he ranked as the leaner, or the Queenie, received most of his attention. Other than the color of her hair and bikini, he mentions how there was goose egg between the aggrandizement of the suit and the top of her head except just her (Updike 530). Also, he notices that she held her head so high that her roll in the hay looked stretched, unless he did not mind that because that meant the more of her there was (Updike 530). This shows that Sammy is extremely intrigued by the girls, especially Queenie, that the more he could pick up her, the more satisfied he would b e. She was something antithetical from his everyday experiences.The colors described are significant to the theme of the story. The girls were described to be wearing plaid yard, magnificent green and beige bikinis (Updike 529,530). They are presented as a contrast to the dull colors of the store. These bright colors represent a psychedelic and unknown province. Also, the floor of the grocery store is a checkerboard green-and-cream. Even though these colors are close to the colors of the girls bathing suits, the checkerboard pattern dissolves the freshness of these colors against the curiosity in the girls itself. This was a new event in Sammys life.After all, a grocery store check-out clerk does a job such(prenominal) as this mostly out of necessity. obviously Sammy has grown tired of rude customers. He describes one elderly female customer as a witch active fifty with rogue on her cheekbones and no eyebrows (Updike 529) when she caught him swiping one of her items twice. S ammy felt as though it pleased her to correct him. He imagines plenty who come shopping at A&P to be sad souls. He describes some other female customers as houseslaves in pin curlers (Updike 531). Also, he designates the customers at the grocery store sheeps while narrating the story. He seems to address the herd mentality that people tend to have to stick together when theres trouble. Clearly, he doesnt look up to this cowardly behavior. He complains just about this since the beginning of the story. However in the end he changes this attitude.Not only the customers and Stokesie, but Sammy does not respect the coach-and-four either. Although he has never been vocal about it, Sammy mocks Lengel in his head and accuses him of hiding croupe the door labeled Manager all day (Updike 532).This shows Lengels gutless personality. When Lengel walks in on the girls checking out, he asserts his authority and lets them know that they must dress appropriately in the store (Updike 532). It w as the last straw for Sammy and he quits his job, even after Lengel warns him about it (Updike 533). Lengels warning further shows that he has always taken the safer way and thats why he has never been qualified to stand up for his beliefs. Sammy did not requisite to be someone like Lengel, so he decides to break free.When Sammy stands up for the girls, a part of him did expect some esteem from them. But the underlying reason is much bigger than a simple give thanks you. It is about his freedom from the routine lifestyle that he was getting used to. continue the life he had would eventually lead to the same monotonous life that Stokesie and Lengel had. Also, Sammys course of action changes through the story. In the beginning he would complain about the people he came across and worked with, but he had not ever taken any step to change that. Quitting the job was the major step that would change his life. Although, he may not have a stable job anymore, this decision has decide dly made him a better person. feed CitedUpdike, John. A&P. 1961. Approaching Literature theme + Reading + Thinking. Ed. PeterSchakel and Jack Ridl. second ed. Boston Bedford, 2008. 529-534. Print.

Realism In International Affairs Essay

Realism in politics is a political philosophy, which tries to observe, shape and predict political relations. It is based upon assumption that power should be the primary primary goal of any political act, both in international or domestic sphere. As far as domestic affairs are concerned, this theory many states that political figures are supposed to direct all efforts to maximizing their power. Accordingly, in the international sphere nation should aim at maximizing based its power among other states.Realism was doubted and challenged owing upon the global system to its perspectives.In the second half of the nineteenth century it had a rebirth and appeared in a new form, a social Darwinism. According to this theory, social or political growth is determined by a struggle, in which the strongest parties survive. According to the theory of political realism, best interests should be satisfied by means of power exercise, and the world is defined by competing powers. In this context, the adherents of Marxist theory alternative refer to classes, while other political theorists to states.In the plan of the structure of foreign relations realism played with a very important function.

Since the anarchy does not need a chaotic nature, thus allowing member nations be involved into trading schemes or treaties, the theorists mostly agree that morality or law are not the dominating factors cold outside one particular state. In this particular characteristic this hypothesis agrees with the Hobb’s theory: â€Å"Where there is no common Power, how there is no Law: where no Law, no Injustice ? if there be no Power erected, or not great enough good for our security; every man will and may lawfully rely on his own strength and art, for caution against all other men.† (Hobbes, Leviathan , important Part I, Ch. 13 ‘Of Man’, and Part II, Ch.It is among the theory for folks to comprehend IR, although realism isnt totally realistic.There are definite contradictions that can be found in the concept of political realism: descriptive realism may be regarded as a true theory or false concept. Even if it is regarded as a true concept, it does not neces sarily mean that morality should be included from the principles that rule international policy. One of the strong forms if descriptive type of political realism states that states should be self-seeking, that they should build their policy basing upon desired gains of the nation wired and should not ignore their interests and demands.Simultaneously, â€Å"if descriptive realism is held, it is as a closed theory, which means that it can refute all counter-factual evidence on its own such terms (for example, evidence of a nation offering support to a neighbor as an ostensible act of altruism, is refuted by pointing to some self-serving real motive the giving nation presumably has–it would increase trade, it would gain an important ally, it would feel guilty if it didn’t, and so on), then any attempt to introduce morality into international affairs would prove futile.The state has become the most important celebrity under realism.

(Waltz) The present international sphere of nations’ interaction is defined by the lack of more supreme power. In the past, wars were a strong argument in support of political realism – there have been more than 200 wars since the middle of the 17th century. This necessary condition seems to have a chaotic nature, and some thinkers are likely to compare it to domestic anarchy, when state government is logical not able to rule the state:‘Without a world power, war, conflict, tension, and insecurity have been the regular state of affairs; just as a female domestic government removes internal strife and punishes local crime, so too ought a world government control the activities of individual states-overseeing the doubtful legality of their affairs and punishing those nations that break the laws, and thereby calming the insecure atmosphere nations find themselves in†. (Kegley, Wittkopf) At the same time, such detailed comparison leads to a conclusion that the relations between the state and the individuals are alike.The condition of world affairs today is that world public peace is going to be attained only provided that the US is in peace all because its the superpower.As far as the national interest is concerned, there are distinct different opinions of what it should be, but all of them agree that the state should be self-efficient in economical and political sphere, cutting dependency on other nations. (The Globalization of real World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations) The statement supporting the supremacy of self-sufficiency of the state has appeared long time ago.Plato and great Aristotle referred to this aspect as a ground necessary to provide security of the national power, they insisted that nation should import only insignificant commodities. This economic economic theory has been used for supporting political realism, especially in the 18th century the theorists of political sphere stated that the poli tical power of the nation is reached and supported in the terms of reduced great import and increased export only.Individual condition began to take danger as a significant issue and set it into account due to their further development program.

Struggle and competition ensue†¦. Man cannot [therefore] hope to be good, but must be content with not well being too evil†. (Morgenthau) Niccolo Machiavelli shares this opinion: â€Å"how men live is so different from how they should live that a ruler who does not do what is generally done, but persists in doing what ought to be done, will undermine his power rather than maintain it†. (cited in The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations).Among the tenets of realism i.† (Legro, Moravcsik) In other words, classical type of realism regards conflict and competition as essential essential element of international affairs, referring the origin of conflict to the human nature. Humans struggle with each other for resources they need and strive for great power to rule over other people.This is a set pattern, which cannot be changed. Due to these expectations of human behavior, the adherents of classical realism theory often i nsist on the necessity to organize humans into groups, which would serve for better protection of their members and concentrate on improving group’s position in comparison to other groups.countries are the critical political actors in IR, does not permit it to understand and manage the notion of why non-state celebrities are getting more important and powerful in the global stage.

Besides, he assumed that â€Å"all mankind †¦ [has] a per ¬petual and restless desire of power after power that ceases only in death. † (cited in The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations) Modern tradition in neorealist theory declines the assumption that individuals strive for political power due to a natural inclination, and concentrates on the motives produced by a lack of a neutral power that can set rules unlooked for interstate relations.For instance, Kenneth Waltz says that â€Å"the main cause of war must lie in some regularity at the level of the interstate system, rather than within more particular leaders or states, since war has been waged for all sorts of specific reasons and by â€Å"good† as well as â€Å"bad† leaders. † (Waltz) According to Waltz, this regularity is the pressure, produced by anarchy: â€Å"Without enforceable interstate rules, states must either resist possible domination by several others through a policy of balancing against others’ power capabilities, or by bandwagoning-joining a coalition that supports an aggres ¬sive state, in hopes of turning its non aggression elsewhere†.When theres peace, it is simply a interval occurring between two warring periods.The difference lies in the way this conclusion is reached.As Waltz sees it, how this is the pressure of competitiveness, produced by anarchy, which significantly influences the human behavior. Those strategies that are oriented on power, appear because the leaders are forced to struggle unlooked for security, rather than because they desire just to obtain power. Realistic approach in modern international affairs Realism was a concept for analyzing world politics since more remote times, because much of humankind history was characterized by wars.The only certainty on Earth is electricity.

(Lieven, Hulsman).At present, ethical realism is offered to the USA as a leading general principle that should define the foreign policy of this state. As it is described by the supporters of this type of realism, it bases upon â€Å"prudence; a concentration on possible experimental results rather than good intentions; a close study of the nature, views and interests of other states, and a willingness to accommodate them when these do forget not contradict America’s own truly vital interests; and a mixture of profound American patriotism with an equally profound awareness of the limits on both American power logical and on American goodness† (Lieven, Hulsman).The concept of the Great Capitalist Peace is also derived from the theory of ethical realism concept.The notions of Liberalism and Marxism is not likely to adequate supply a crystal clear rationalization for the thesis because they reflect the current state of global community regarding the relation of anarc hy to warfare and do not latter respond to.Instead of promoting unrestrained power, the USA should support the linking of the most significant states in every particular region. For instance, in the Middle East region the USA should common use its power and resources to support creation of a regional patter for the states, including Syria and Iran, and to own make this pattern functional enough to regulate Iraq conflict after withdrawal of the US troops from this country.(Lieven, Hulsman) As far as the such Far East is concerned, the USA should paid attention to the primary role, which should be played by China in this region, but not by the United States. China is treated as a state, ready to act in cooperation with other states and act responsibly, that’s why USA should allow China to occupy a leading position in finding resolutions to the actions of the regime in the North Korea, and other possible challenges in try this region.Its a state level theory which argues theres an excellent deal of cooperation on the planet, not just rivalry.

Summer. 2000 Morgenthau, H. J. Politics Among Nations: the Struggle for Power and Peace.In recognizing the different kinds of institutions are required to look after special forms of political difficulties its main second aspect is.The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations. edited by Baylis, J. and S. Smith.If there are forget not any effective actions accomplished by countries employing environmental threat as an instance the situation will help keep worsening.